The paper evaluates the effectiveness of joint and domestic companies using ROA (operational efficiency) and DEA (technical efficiency) methodologies. The technical efficiency was estimated in two ways: according to the classical scheme and taking into account spillover effects. The study was based on statements of Russian companies (23 567 joint enterprises and 14 653 companies witho... https://www.globalspecialtyfoods.com/product-category/litter-robot-components-2/